In a recent paper, Ellis (1997) defines livelihood diversification as `the process by which rural families construct a diverse portfolio of activities and social support capabilities in their struggle for survival and in order to improve their standards of living’ Ellis (1997, p5), pointing out, rightly, that livelihood diversification is not necessarily synonymous with income diversification. A livelihood strategy is an organized set of life-style choices, goals and values, and activities influenced by biophysical, political/legal, econo- mic, social, cultural, and psychological compo-nents. Econ. In the livelihoods framework, assets are conventionally divided into the following. A framework is a ‘particular way of viewing the world’.1The livelihoods framework is a way of understanding how households derive their liveli- hoods by drawing on capabilities and assets to develop livelihood strategies composed of a range of activities. Livelihood, Living Condition And Coping Strategies Among Older Persons. Rather this consists in maintaining over time a diversified portfolio of activities and in adjusting it according to contingencies in order to maximize return, spread risk, or achieve other household goals (see below). We have also added an additional feedback arrow to Ellis' original diagram to emphasise the (positive or negative) effects that livelihood strategies and outcomes can have on livelihood assets. Disaggregated by settlement status, there were some important differences. In Cotabato City, few households engaged in agriculture (2% compared to 45% or more elsewhere), but a larger than average proportion of households engaged in trade, transport, and skilled labor (27% compared to 12% or less elsewhere). Livelihood strategies are a range of activities that people undertake to achieve their livelihood outcomes. The evolution of livelihood strategies was examined in Molas, a coastal village in North Such activities could include securing water, food, fodder, medicine, shelter, clothing. The determinants and effects of diversification in the areas of poverty, income distribution, farm output and gender are examined. ABSTRACT. Figure 27: Distribution of livelihood profiles by settlement status. Table 5: Factors associated with livelihood groups. A majority of hou… Among all groups, farming is the most common activity. The independent variable livelihood strategy is a categorical variable that represents the five livelihood strategies identified (i. e. ‘three food crops, coffee and khat’, ‘three food crops and khat’, ‘two food crops, coffee and khat’, ‘two food crops and khat’, … ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOODS WORKING GLOSSARY off-farmagricultural market system employment livelihood alternative livelihoods entrepreneurship youth self-employment livelihood diversification employability job creation on-farm job creation non-farm resilience The USAID Office of Food for Peace (FFP) 2016 – 2025 Food Assistance and Food Security Strategy reaffirms a “commitment to … Figure 28: Economic activities undertaken while displaced. Most frequently, they reported relying during that experience on assistance from family and relatives (36%) or other sources (36%). The sustainable livelihoods framework in 3.1.1 is an effort to conceptualise livelihoods in a holistic way, capturing the many complexities of livelihoods, and the constraints and … They have on average the lowest monthly income (4,750 PhP/month). membership of formal groups or organisations, informal social interactions in and outside the workplace, relationships of reciprocity, including gift exchange and mutual assistance. Although the number of households concerned is too limited to provide a definitive answer, the results further suggests that displaced households mainly received remittances from Manila (67%), while the majority of the beneficiaries among the other groups received remittances from abroad (50% or more). It represents 8% of the total population, and is most frequent in the urban areas (36% in Cotabato City compared to 10% or less elsewhere). They account for 14% of the total surveyed population. They are also something people invest in so as to increase future flows of income/consumption. For rural people, agriculture and other natural resource-based activities may play an important role, but rural households also diversify into other activities, some of which are linked to agriculture and the natural resources sector, others which are not. When asked directly whether or not their household receives remittances, 12 percent of the households responded positively. Use of the term capital implies that it can serve productive ends. livelihoods and livelihood enhancement and diversification as tools for rural development and poverty reduction. Trade contributes to an estimated 89% of their livelihood, and their average income is 6,700 PhP/month, just above average. This study is tasked with presenting findings related to both non- and less climate-dependent livelihood strategies. Strategies may include subsistence production or production for the market, participation in labour marketsor l… Decisions on livelihood strategy may invoke multifarious repertoires of activities, mostly influenced by people’s access to a level and combination of assets. The figure for the poorest asset quintile was 56 percent. It is a crucial productive resource particularly for the rural community that is why the stake- holders in the area put land as one among the main 162 J. Dev. Livelihood strategies are the range and combination of activities and choices that people normally make or undertake in stable and peaceful times in order to achieve their livelihood goals (e.g. It seeks to understand the various dimensions of a person's livelihood; the strategies and objectives pursued, and associated opportunities and constraints. They have an average income, of 5,400 PhP/month. It is possible that the production of charcoal is one of the few livelihood strategies available to them in the absence of external assistance. At some point in live, the older persons are disengage from their long life activities and thus, they are deprived of some basic things. Conventional economics does not have a social capital category and precisely what social capital consists of is open to debate. This followed by trade (25%), day labor (19%), and transportation (13%). We shall look more at these ideas in Section 3. Among the 12 percent of households who received remittances, 62 percent indicated receiving remittances from women, and 42 percent indicated receiving remittances from men. It should be fairly clear that all of the listed items can affect an individual's access to assets, although precisely how will obviously depend upon the situation being examined. As outlined in the previous table, the average cash income is lowest among day laborers (4,750 PhP/month), fishers (4,800 PhP/month), and farmers (5,150 PhP/month). Exposure to change can have a direct influence on livelihoods by weakening them, strengthening them, or forcing a new direction. Livelihood strategies: How people access and use these assets, within the aforementioned social, economic, political and environmental contexts, form a livelihood strategy. The livelihood strategies and activities of poor people are often complex and diverse. The livelihoods framework is a way of looking at the complexity of people's livelihoods, especially the livelihoods of the poor, whether they be rural or urban. A socially differentiated analytical approach to livelihood strategies is thus necessary (ibid., page 11). Day laborers (14%) and skilled workers (11%) were the second and third most frequent group. Nevertheless, what the framework does offer is a way of conceptualising in a simplified way the complexity of rural livelihoods, and the different variables that shape activities, objectives, and outcomes. In Sultan Kudarat, this rises toover one in four households (29%). In the framework presented here, the outcomes of livelihood strategies are divided between the effects on livelihood security and the effects on environmental sustainability. In 2.2.1 you will find one adapted from Ellis (2000). Contemporary livelihood strategies in many African cities involve participation in multiple economic activities, usually in both the formal and informal sectors. An individual may take on several activities to meet his/her needs. 8-9) or 'policies, institutions and processes' (a more recent classification). This analysis focuses on the combination of activities undertaken. Whilst rural people may seek improvements across a wide range of livelihood outcomes the need to prioritise may force them to make undesirable trade-offs between them, at least in the short term. Bear in mind, however, that the institutions that enhance one person's productivity may constrain or diminish the productivity of others. productive activities, investment strategies, reproductive choices). One definition is presented in 2.2.2. Table 4: Characteristics of livelihood groups. (Table I). They have the second highest average income (8,350PhP / month). For this group, remittances contributed an average of 33 percent of the total livelihood activities. Grouping livelihood strategies enables easy analysis and comparisons as there are a multitude of economic activities that households may engage in, but … Natural capital and household livelihood strategies Land is one among the most fundamental and important means of production. 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