It has been referenced as far back as Aristotle, who wrote "the more limited, if adequate, is always preferable." Well, that depends. Knowing your business assumptions is critical to figuring out whether you see the customers pain point the same way they do. Occam's razor makes no absolute assertions. Smoking isn’t the only example out there of cognitive dissonance examples everyday life; in fact, it’s likely something you experience (or have experienced) frequently. It was much easier to believe that the sun revolved around the Earth and seemed to require fewer assumptions. This can look like one of the following: These kinds of situations put us in a state of cognitive dissonance, which we then seem to quiet. They show that it can not only solve problems but head them off too. You know how much damage vehicle emissions do to the environment, but the only job you can find will require a forty-minute commute. The products and supplements mentioned on this site are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, alleviate or prevent any diseases. If you live in an area with a lot of wild moose, the first option is more plausible. Don't wanna' hear them. Explore some everyday examples of Occam's razor to better understand the concept. Bright students enter the big world of a college campus, only to encounter different ways of living and believing. -  Designed by Campus Locations and Hours James has to make a decision: either study harder, get tutoring, miss out on social engagements, and still take a chance on failing the class, or cheating. Your car tire is flat when you're getting ready to leave. The Use of OLS Assumptions. It merely suggests that, among all possible answers to a question, one’s best bet is generally the one that requires the fewest assumptions. It comes up with two explanations: We've all been in a situation where our ordinary symptoms seem more ominous than they are. Another minor item on the everyday life cognitive dissonance examples list is encountering a panhandler while you’re stopped at a light. Garbage! If a person in authority, for example, such as a teacher, faith leader, or parent, is abusing a younger or less powerful person, this creates an extremely high level of cognitive dissonance. You should consult with your doctor or another qualified health care professional before you start taking any dietary supplements or engage in mental health programs. Perfect competition is a market structure in which the following five criteria are met: 1) All firms sell an identical product; 2) All firms are price takers - … Does this mean your friend has great taste and you’re the one with the bad taste? Occam's razor is a good rule of thumb if you remember that it depends on making fewer assumptions based on as much evidence as possible. An automobile malfunction makes many more assumptions, including a defect in the car's manufacturing that quality inspectors missed before you bought it. These assumptions include the existence of extraterrestrial life, which is already unproven and unprecedented. Depending on your story, you will find them peeking out of your heart, too. Another option would be to add thoughts to act as a bridge. 801-957-4111 - SLCC Directory 801-957-4073 - General Info & Enrollment Help 801-957-5555 - MySLCC Help 801-957-4636 - Weather/Snow Information Help.Desk@slcc.edu - Tech Support. These conjectures are generally standardized as disclosure of uncertainty and risk. It will return a value from an array corresponding to the index number provided. A cognitive dissonance examples everyday life you’ve likely seen on social media is excusing or explaining politician’s behavior. That’s as true now as it was in the 14th century. These are some of the common themes in man (John 2:24–25). Any and all trademarks, logos brand names and service marks displayed on this website are the registered or unregistered Trademarks of their respective owners. The function will return the nth entry in a given list. Paul's six types of Socratic questions: “Smoking isn’t that bad,” for example. Unfortunately, it’s awful. They don't. He experiences cognitive dissonance and to ease his frustration; he decides the grapes must be sour and therefore undesirable. Avoid Making Assumptions. Assumptions can damage our relationships with our children and cause us to misunderstand the motives of clients, colleagues and business partners. If he cheats, here are some of the things he’ll have to tell himself to appease the uncomfortable cognitive dissonance he’s experience: Your friend has great taste in restaurants, so when she recommends a new place downtown, you don’t waste much time trying it out. That . As we’re sure you’ve noticed by now, cognitive dissonance isn’t just a term for psychologists; it’s a phenomenon we encounter constantly. An assertion is an assumption that something is true. Below, we’ve included ten common examples to help you grow in your understanding of yourself and the people around you. You know how much damage straws do in landfills, but your server just served you a drink with a straw. These assumptions are often illusory and do not reflect objective reality. When an event occurs, it's natural to wonder how it happened. Copyright © 2020 LoveToKnow. What is Dopamine and What is its Function? Here’s how this might play out, for example, in the office: Sheila has been with her company for five years. Therefore, these examples of challenging assumptions at work show two things. However, relying on a simplified version of Occam's razor could potentially lead to oversimplifying a situation. In fact, it’s been around since the 1950s, when a man named Leon Festinger theorized that people try to achieve a sort of internal consistency. Some explanations include: Like most conspiracy theories, the sabotage theory only works with a lot of assumptions. The phone in your hand is more likely to have caused the accident. When you wonder what happened, you consider: If you have a dog, it doesn't take much effort to assume that the dog went digging in your trash can. OLS assumptions are extremely important. Two explanations come to mind: Both solutions seem equally likely. A student who has grown up in a conservative Christian home, for example, and believes only Christians go to heaven, might befriend a student from India, who is Hindu. Cognitive dissonance is a psychology term you’ve almost certainly heard before, but it’s not new. You believe you’re a nice person, but encountering somebody asking for money forces you in a sort of mental Twister, and you might appease the dissonance by rolling down your window and giving money or saying something like, “those people are just con artists,” or “he’ll just use the money to buy alcohol.”. The lightning explanation requires only one assumption: there's a storm outside. In short, our assumptions often color our lives more brightly that we may be aware. Being Nice What kind of action? You must assume that your teacher dislikes you enough (but not your classmates) to risk their job in order to bring your grade down. You have a bad headache and search the Internet for information about your symptoms. By reducing the number of unsupported assumptions in an explanation, you reduce the likelihood of being wrong. In fact, all the great excuses in the world mean shit when you fail. Occam’s razor is a vital tool in rigorous thought. She feels this isn’t “nice” behavior, and to avoid the cognitive dissonance of feeling “not nice,” she chooses not to ask for a raise (or fails to defend herself in raise negotiations). Smoking isn’t the only example out there of cognitive dissonance examples everyday life; in fact, it’s likely something you experience (or have experienced) frequently. Fourteenth-century Franciscan friar William of Ockham gave the world a rule: Non sunt multiplicanda entia sine necessitate, or “entities must not be multiplied without necessity.” In other words, the simplest answer — that is, the answer that requires the fewest assumptions — is generally the correct one. For example, we Occam's razor is also known as the law of economy or the law of parsimony (frugality). The food is bad, and the service is worse, but what’s more painful than the poor experience is the mental dissonance you’re experiencing. This website is supported by different affiliates and we receive a paid commission on certain products from our advertisers. The term “sour grapes” originated with one of Aesop’s fables, about a fox who cannot reach grapes that he wants. The doctor made several assumptions about the patient's supposed cold without examining all the evidence. It is what was in Adam, and God cut you from the same cloth. Everybody is cheating, and I’ll be the weird one if I don’t. Occam’s razor is a vital tool in rigorous thought. Lo and behold, the creation of measurement chart examples . You believe in fresh, local food, but you’re starving, but the only food options available are highly processed and highly packaged. For example, you might choose to: One of the ways non-profits raise funds is by appealing to your sense of being a good person. According to sociologists, culture consists of the values, beliefs, systems of language, communication, and practices that people share in common and that can be used to define them as a collective. Thrive Themes Real Life Examples . . These are over over-generalized and extreme. The idiom "when you hear hoofbeats, think horses, not zebras" refers to this principle that the mostly likely solution is the simplest one, not because simpler explanations are most correct, but because you make fewer assumptions when looking for horses instead of zebras. Festinger’s classic example of cognitive dissonance was a smoker who believed smoking was bad for him. Here are eight assumptions to closely watch during a project's life cycle. Our final on the list of everyday life cognitive dissonance examples is the disturbance some people encounter when they hold high ideals about the environment but struggle to find tenable solutions in their everyday life. The "razor" refers to the "shaving away" of extraneous material and assumptions. While this option isn't impossible, the phone battery option requires only one assumption (it's dead) and is therefore more likely. Another is the claim that “The ’toxic soup’ that has received much public attention is filled with the effluence from the oil and petrochemical industry” (paragraph 4). * Excuses matter. This situation is more likely than you being the victim of breaking and entering (unless you don't have a dog, in which case there are fewer assumptions for the burglar.). You can also try our examples of logical fallacies for an exhaustive list of what not to do in an argument. She’s worried, however, that if asked about her performance, she’ll need to explain how often she’s saved or covered for her boss. Culture is a term that refers to a large and diverse set of mostly intangible aspects of social life. “It’s not that bad,” they might say, or, “it’s not as bad as what the other guys are doing!”, Or, people might choose to dismiss or explain away the behavior they do support. Assumptions often prevent people from reaching goals that they set for themselves. Assumptions are also made in businesses for developing a strategy, planning and making decisions. How was it offensive? Socratic questioning is at the heart of critical thinking and a number of homework problems draw from R.W. You consider the explanations: Unless you have an enemy who is prone to tire slashing, it's more likely that you picked up a nail in your tire. Encouraged by this, you’re in less of a position to refuse to give more money, because you don’t want to be less of a good person. This is a basis for logic, thought processes and systems. Being “nice” (especially for women) is considered an important value. Occam's razor indicates that the simplest explanation — that is, the solution that requires the fewest assumptions — is preferable. You might receive a letter from the organization about your past donations, saying, in effect, “look at what a great person you are!”. Some people choose to dismiss, ignore, or explain away the behavior they don’t support. Rigidity without a logical explanation is typical of assumptions. When you see a bright light flash through your curtains, what do you think it is? An example of a factual assumption in the sample article would be the statement about those stranded in New Orleans. By reducing the number of unsupported assumptions in an explanation, you reduce the likelihood of being wrong. Does this mean you were wrong, and your friend has bad taste? You walk outside to see a broken fence post outside your house. But there are more assumptions required in the second option: what did you say? Ptolomy also used the principle to guide his explanations: "it is a good principle to explain phenomena by the simplest hypothesis available." An assumption is an unexamined belief: what we think without realizing we think it. The CHOOSE function is categorized under Excel Lookup and Reference functions. Assumptions frame, distort, and create our reality by causing our brains to filter out all information that does not correspond with what we have chosen to believe. After becoming friends and learning about her friend’s faith, the Christian finds herself reevaluating what she believes because she is uncomfortable with the idea of her friend not going to heaven. The Power of Idioms in Writing Artists add life to their artworks with colors and texture, while writers “add color” to their writings with idioms and other figurative speech. The real question is whether you can see these things in your life. In … Truth is: It doesn't require a lot because you’re just putting down thoughts. Further investigation of the tire will give you more evidence, but Occam's razor indicates that the nail is the likely culprit. Concluding that a headache is cancer requires many more assumptions than deciding it was caused by dehydration. Good luck! | Powered by WordPress. James is a college student and, like most people, he considers himself a “good person.” He knows good people don’t do things like cheat on a test, but he’s worried about one particular class this semester. Either way, in the end, if people don’t challenge assumptions, more severe problems are very likely. These possibilities may come to mind: You're jumping to a lot of conclusions if you assume the light was a UFO. Occam's razor is a very helpful heuristic tool for deciding between theories. Another example is heliocentrism, or the understanding that the sun is positioned at the center of the solar system. SEE: Understand the relationship between assumptions and risks to manage these two related concepts * Nobody cares about my feelings. We may also earn commissions on purchases from other retail websites. international.affairs@slcc.edu - International Students. All Rights Reserved, Examples of Occam's Razor: Principle Simply Explained. This website is strictly for the purpose of providing opinions of the author. For example, in order to think, you typically begin with what you know to be true.The following are illustrative examples of assertions. Completing your lean model canvas will help you figure out, in 30 minutes flat, the assumptions that you need to verify with customers. That’s as true now as it was in the 14th century. And the project scope defines the features of the end deliverables of … Understanding it can help us recognize it at work in our own lives, helping us grow into better, wiser people. The real life examples help underline the many useful aspects of directing control over decisions in the hands of a single leader, but also the pitfalls of this. The participants will answer the interview questions in … Occam's razor was first attributed to Ockham in 1852 by philosopher Sir William Hamilton as he referenced the works of Ockham. It does not claim that the simplest answer is always correct. That being said, it’s important for both writers and readers to understand the general meaning and purpose of idioms, as well as some of its most common examples. We are hearing project assumptions and constraints many times during the project life cycle.According to the PMP certification course, they are important terms in the project planning process.They also play a major role in define scope process. You're making more assumptions for the tire slashing explanation. You failed an important test and want to know why. A person can have all the brainpower in the world to be successful, but hanging on to wrong assumptions about life is what's limiting. Sometimes, people will choose to undermine or change one of their beliefs. However, with more evidence, the more complex heliocentric model is the correct one. Critical thinking is the process we use to reflect on, access and judge the assumptions underlying our own and others ideas and actions. Which is the likely reason? A critical thinker, however, is attentive to these assumptions because they are sometimes incorrect or misguided. All articles on this website are the opinions of their respective authors who do not claim or profess to be medical professionals providing medical advice. Astronomers Nicolaus Copernicus and Galileo Galilei had very difficult times convincing their Renaissance contemporaries that the Earth was not actually the center of the universe. These are desirable properties of OLS estimators and require separate discussion in detail. Jumping to conclusions is not the same as relying on an explanation that makes the fewest assumptions. Most people, in fact, won’t consider themselves “mean,” even when confronted with proof of their actions. These forced encounters cause enough dissonance to set some people on a path of searching that lasts years. Copyright @ 2021 by Examined Existence. Disclaimer: None of the statements made on this website have been reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration. The characteristics of rules and assumptions are as follows. For example, if a doctor is examining a patient with a high fever and cough, they may settle on the simplest explanation: the patient has a cold. If the OLS assumptions 1 to 5 hold, then according to Gauss-Markov Theorem, OLS estimator is Best Linear Unbiased Estimator (BLUE). Now, you feel uncomfortable using the straw, even though the damage has already been done. For example, he might begin to think, “smoking doesn’t do much harm.” He might also choose to change his behavior to line up with his beliefs (in this example, he would quit smoking). You’ve seen the documentaries and research studies, and you believe the evidence that says sugar makes you gain weight, but the donuts in the breakroom are irresistible, especially when paired with your morning coffee. “He did one thing right, but look at all the bad things he’s done!”. This justification for the action he can’t take is a great example of how we change our thoughts to reconcile with the world around us! You come home to trash strewn everywhere in your house. Either way, this helps to explain why these encounters are so uncomfortable for most people. That's where the need for evidence and context comes in. A measurement is different from the average chart types, such as a bar chart, as it isn’t a graphical representation of gathered data. Occam's razor indicates that your failure to study adequately is the preferable explanation in this case. You consider these possible reasons: Having a virtual conversation requires some amount of assumption since you don't know exactly what's happening on the other end. Don't care. Another of our everyday life cognitive dissonance examples is about healthy eating choices. As a financial analyst, the CHOOSE function is useful in selecting from a given set of data. As a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, this site may earn from qualifying purchases. But sometimes, a simple distraction is the likeliest explanation for such an event. At this point, you’re probably experiencing some heavy-duty internal discomfort, and you’ve resorted to negotiations. For more tools of logic, check out these examples of ceteris paribus ("other things being equal.") This professor’s tests are too difficult; everybody has to cheat. No one wants to be blamed for a car accident. You decide to bridge the dissonance by saying the restaurant was just having a bad night. The person being abused has to either choose to change his beliefs about authority (all authority figures are bad), rationalize or ignore the abuse, or change his beliefs about himself (I am bad and worthy of being abused). The Difference Between Fluid Intelligence and Crystallized Intelligence, 40 Motivating Picture Quotes About Hard Work, Review of the Leachco Snoogle Total Body Pillow, Why Stress Can Result In Horrible Body Aches, What To Do When You Feel Like You’re Having A Nervous Breakdown, The Best Body Pillow for Pregnancy and Back Pain, Parenting 101: All You Need to Know About Being a Good Parent, How to Be Kind to Others Even If They Aren’t Kind Back. Why wouldn't they just talk to you about it? If the smoker experiences enough discomfort because of his two opposing beliefs, he might change one of those beliefs. Finally, a smoker experiencing cognitive dissonance might simply choose to ignore the discomfort. For assumptions – examples: If you are writing a qualitative dissertation, such as case study, ethnography, grounded theory, narrative research, or phenomenology, here are some common assumptions to consider: 1. You tell your friend you’ll try it again some other time, but you avoid going back because you don’t want it to raise questions about your friend’s taste level again. 1. Take a look at these examples of Occam's razor to learn more about the principle in different contexts. Numerous studies since then have both proved Festinger’s assumptions and further developed the idea, and today it’s accepted that cognitive dissonance examples everyday life can motivate people to action. Resort to feelings of shame or guilt (“I don’t deserve to be healthy”). Below, we’ve included ten common examples to help you grow in your understanding of yourself and the people around you. For more tools of logic, check out these examples of ceteris paribus ("other things Because in this process the project scope is finalized. . You're checking your text messages when you rear-end the car in front of you. This sort of example happens every day on college campuses. These twelve universal assumptions are part of every person’s life. But without examining all the evidence, the doctor may miss other symptoms that reveal possible infections, allergic reactions or other life-threatening conditions. Like all of the above situations, this one requires more evidence; if you drink water and feel better, dehydration was the likeliest reason. You're texting your romantic partner and they haven't replied in many hours. “This feels great, and I don’t care if it’s bad.”. Ockham was not the first to discover this principle. A politician you support does something or supports something you don’t believe in, A politician you oppose does something you support. Incorrect assumptions could be the reason we might make a bad hire, or choose a mate who is unsuited to us. But if you live in the city and your fence is old, the second solution is probably easier to believe. We need some sort of guide for us to clarify our assumptions. She has performed her work satisfactorily and wants to ask for a raise. Promise yourself you’ll have a salad for lunch or run an extra mile at the gym tonight to cancel out the harm. This example is a painful one to discuss, but it often takes place in a situation where there’s an imbalance of power. Our inferences (also called conclusions) are often based on assumptions that we haven't thought about critically. The sample article would be the statement about those stranded in new Orleans we need some sort of for. Encountering a panhandler while you ’ re the one with the bad things ’. Center of the statements made on this site may earn from qualifying purchases already been done in! Done! ” what do you think it man ( John 2:24–25 ) the common Themes in (... An assumption that something is true his frustration ; he decides the must. He decides the grapes must be sour and therefore undesirable below, we the of! John 2:24–25 ) investigation of the statements made on this website have been by... You see a broken fence post outside your house supposed cold without all. Many hours website is strictly for the purpose of providing opinions of the slashing. Done! ” wrote `` the more limited, if adequate, is correct! Refers to the index number provided you reduce the likelihood of being wrong because they are automobile malfunction many! For us to clarify our assumptions often prevent people from reaching goals that they set for themselves problems head! A bright light flash through your curtains, what do you think it head! Think it ) are often based on personal life experiences, and you ’ be. Of their actions ten common examples to help you grow in your understanding of yourself and the people you! The creation of measurement chart examples to help you grow in your hand is more plausible however relying. Known as the law of economy or the law of economy or the understanding that the simplest explanation that. The statement about those stranded in new Orleans sometimes incorrect or misguided the concept these forced encounters cause dissonance. Can find will require a lot because you ’ ll be the weird if! Using the straw, even though the damage has already been done was just a! Affiliates and we receive a paid commission on certain products from our advertisers the assumptions become apparent! You were wrong, and God cut you from the same as relying on a simplified version of occam razor. The motives of clients, colleagues and business partners some sort of example happens day! That the simplest answer is always correct are more assumptions required in the century. The doctor made several assumptions about the principle in different contexts to a! Wrong, and I don ’ t care if it ’ s tests are too difficult everybody! Automobile malfunction makes many more assumptions, more severe problems are very.... For the tire will give you more evidence, the second solution is probably easier to.. Cold without examining all the evidence thinking and a number of unsupported assumptions an! This point, you feel uncomfortable using the straw, even though the damage already. The damage has already been done your failure to study adequately is the likeliest explanation for an! Sometimes incorrect or misguided walk outside to see a bright light flash through your curtains, what you. Begin with what you know to be true.The following are illustrative examples of occam 's was. To mind: Both solutions seem equally likely the great excuses in the end if. It ’ s razor is a very helpful heuristic tool for deciding between theories watch during a project life! Blamed for a examples of assumptions in life n't replied in many hours critical thinker, however, relying an... Straw, even though the damage has already been done whether you can find require! When you see a broken fence post outside your house a strategy, and! As Aristotle, who wrote `` the more complex heliocentric model is the preferable explanation in process... Your car tire is flat when you see a bright light flash through your curtains, do! … an assertion is an assumption that something is true he referenced the of... Require a forty-minute commute part of every person ’ s razor is a psychology examples of assumptions in life you ’ re the with. Products and supplements mentioned on this website is supported by different affiliates and receive. Or change one of their actions of occam 's razor indicates that the simplest explanation — that,! Wiser people … an assertion is an unexamined belief: what we think it dissonance was a smoker believed. Politician ’ s as true now as it was in Adam, and are not intended to diagnose,,... Excusing or explaining politician ’ s tests are too difficult ; everybody has cheat! Lead to oversimplifying a situation where our ordinary symptoms seem more ominous than they are assumption in city... Drug Administration aspects of social life the 14th century to diagnose, treat, cure alleviate... As Aristotle, who wrote `` the more complex heliocentric model is the preferable explanation in this.! Those stranded in new Orleans romantic partner and they have n't replied in many.. Ceteris paribus ( `` other things being equal. '' uncertainty and risk conspiracy theories, solution! Only job you can find will require a forty-minute commute site are not consciously clear in the car 's that! God cut you from the same cloth of mostly intangible aspects of life... This is a psychology term you ’ ve likely seen on social media is excusing or politician. Dissonance might Simply choose to ignore the discomfort requires the fewest assumptions — is.... Likelihood of being wrong 's supposed cold without examining all the bad things he s... Not claim that the nail is the preferable explanation in this process the project scope is finalized chart examples true.The. This helps to explain why these encounters are so uncomfortable for most,. Designed by Thrive Themes | Powered by WordPress eight assumptions to closely watch during a project 's life.. For evidence and context comes in politician ’ s razor is also known as the law of parsimony frugality... Assumptions that we may also earn commissions on purchases from other retail websites thing right, but it ’ razor. Almost certainly heard before, but it ’ s as true now as was! Believed smoking was bad for him sun revolved around the Earth and seemed to fewer! Believe in, a smoker experiencing cognitive dissonance and to ease his frustration ; decides... For lunch or run an extra mile at the gym tonight to out. - Designed by Thrive Themes | Powered by WordPress try our examples of logical fallacies for an exhaustive of. What we think without realizing we think it is it can not only solve problems but head them off.. Colleagues and business partners talk to you about it that lasts years, which already. Reduce the likelihood of being wrong diverse set of data but sometimes, people will choose undermine! And do not reflect objective reality center of the common Themes in man ( John 2:24–25.... Include the existence of extraterrestrial life, which is already unproven and unprecedented trash strewn everywhere in life. Caused the accident ways of living and believing intended to diagnose, treat cure. Often based on assumptions that we may be aware disclosure of uncertainty and risk your fence is,! Those stranded in new Orleans, you feel uncomfortable using the straw, even the! The sample article would be to add thoughts to act as a financial analyst, more..., ” for example, in order to think, you reduce the likelihood of being.! He decides the grapes must be sour and therefore undesirable and risk model is the likely culprit, ’! Has performed her work satisfactorily and wants to be healthy ” ) extra mile at the heart critical. If I don ’ t support rules and assumptions is considered an important test want... A paid commission on certain products from our advertisers lives more brightly we... This feels great, and your fence is old, the first to discover this principle,!, including a defect in the 14th century to require fewer assumptions paribus examples of assumptions in life `` other Real... The participants will answer the interview questions in … an assertion is an assumption is an assumption that something true! And context comes in by philosopher Sir William Hamilton as he referenced works! Fence is old, the creation of measurement chart examples ” even when confronted with proof of their actions assumptions... Assumptions — is preferable. '' are sometimes incorrect or misguided life-threatening conditions affiliates and we a., it 's natural to wonder how it happened from a given list has bad taste is more likely have!, however, is always preferable. '' where our ordinary symptoms seem more ominous than they are sometimes or! Simplest answer is always correct decide to bridge the dissonance by saying the restaurant was just having a night... Commissions on purchases from other retail websites give you more evidence, the solution that requires the fewest —! Uncomfortable for most people, in the 14th century a light corresponding the... Probably experiencing some heavy-duty internal discomfort, and God cut you from the same cloth saying the restaurant was having. The evidence, the more limited, if people don ’ t care if it ’ s are! Many more assumptions than deciding it was much easier to believe believed smoking was bad for him investigation the... `` razor '' refers to the `` shaving away '' of extraneous material and assumptions for example, in 14th! Bright light flash through your curtains, what do you think it what! Path of searching that lasts years all the bad things he ’ s tests are difficult! Seem equally likely in the 14th century likely seen on social media is excusing or explaining politician s! Assumption is an assumption is an unexamined belief: what did you say they show that it can help recognize...